DEEP FOUNDATIONS :-
These foundations carry loads from a structure through weak incompressible soils or fills
on to the stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth.
These foundations are in general used as basements, buoyancy rafts, caissons, cylinders, shaft and piles
- Basements:- They are constructed in place in an open excavations. They are hollow substructures designed to provide working space below ground level.
- Buoyancy Rafts:- They are hollow substructures designed to provide a buoyant substructure beneath which reduce net loadings on the soil to the desired low density.
- Caissons:- They are hollow s8ubstructures designed to be constructed on or near the surface and then sunk as single units to their required level.
- Cylinders:- They are single small cell caissons.
- Shaft Foundations:- They are constructed within deep excavation supported by lining constructed in place and subsequently filled with concrete.
- Pile Foundations:- The pile foundation is a construction supported on piles. A pile is an element of construction composed of timber, concrete or steel or a combination of them. The piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in form of a cluster throughout the structure.
Classification of piles:
1. Classification based on function: Bearing Pile, Friction Pile, Screw Pile, compaction
Pile, Uplift Pile, Batter Pile and Sheet Pile
2. Classification based on materials and composition: Cement concrete piles, Timber
piles, Steel piles, Sand Piles, and Composite piles.
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